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  1. S. Aalto and E. Nyberg, Flow level models of DiffServ packet level mechanisms, in Proceedings of the Sixteenth Nordic Teletraffic Seminar, NTS 16, pp. 194-205, 2002 (pdf)(bib)
    Abstract: We present a simple flow level model that helps in understanding the effects of various DiffServ traffc conditioning methods on bandwidth sharing among elastic TCP flows. We concentrate on a single backbone link and consider a static case, where the number of TCP flows is fixed. In a Relative Service approach,the bandwidth share of a flow should be proportional to a weight assigned to the flow. It turns out that per packet marking (e.g. Leaky Bucket) yields a slightly better approximation compared to per flow marking (e.g. ExponentiallyWeighted Moving Average). For both marking schemes, however,th e approximation is the better,the more there are precedence levels.